Onta Ware (Ontayaki) Complete Guide|The Charm and History of a Traditional Ceramic Producing Area in Hita City, Oita Prefecture
What is Onta Ware|Traditional Ceramics Representing Oita Prefecture
Onta ware (ontayaki) is a traditional ceramic crafted in the Sarayama district of Motoshakamachi, Hita City, Oita Prefecture, and has been passed down for approximately 300 years. Since its kiln was first opened in 1705 (Hoei 2nd year) during the middle of the Edo period, it stands as one of Japan’s representative folk kilns, with its manufacturing methods remaining unchanged since its inception.
The greatest characteristic of Onta ware is that it is crafted entirely by hand and utilizes natural forces, without any use of machinery. The traditional process of crushing clay with a water wheel, turning the potter’s wheel (rokuro), and firing in a climbing kiln has been preserved unchanged since the kiln’s opening.
Currently, there are 10 kilns in the Onta ware village, each producing individualistic works while preserving tradition. The primitive and powerful decorative techniques such as the flying plane (tobikaanna), brush marks (hakeme), and comb marks (kushime) embody “the beauty of utility” that complements the lives of those who use these pieces.
History of Onta Ware|Three Centuries of Development in a Ceramic Producing Area
The Circumstances of the Kiln’s Opening and the Connection to the Kuroda Domain
The history of Onta ware dates back to 1705 (Hoei 2nd year). At that time, the Hita Daikan office, a branch of the Fukuoka domain (Kuroda domain), encouraged ceramic production with the aim of promoting industries within its territory. The kiln was opened in Onta when a potter named Yanagise Saemon was invited from Koishiwara in Fukuoka (currently Toho Village).
The reason Onta was selected lay in the abundance of high-quality ceramic clay, the surrounding woodlands rich in firewood needed for kiln firing, and the presence of abundant water resources essential for pottery making. In particular, the water of the Otarugawa River flowing through the Sarayama district continues to be utilized as a power source for the water wheel.
The Encounter with the Mingei Movement
Onta ware became known nationally when Soetsu Yanagi (yanagi munesyoshi), the founder of the Mingei (folk art) movement, visited Onta in 1931 (Showa 6th year). Yanagi was deeply moved by the primitive and powerful beauty of Onta ware and the commitment to preserving traditional manufacturing methods.
Yanagi highly evaluated Onta ware as the pinnacle of “the beauty of utility” and introduced it in publications such as the magazine ‘Kogei’. Through this, Onta ware became known throughout Japan as one of the representative ceramics of the Mingei movement, and many ceramic art enthusiasts and researchers began visiting.
Designation as Important Intangible Cultural Property
In 1995 (Heisei 7th year), the traditional techniques of Onta ware were designated as Japan’s Important Intangible Cultural Property. This signifies that Onta ware’s techniques were recognized as possessing value worthy of protection as Japan’s cultural heritage.
Furthermore, the cultural and scenic value of the entire “Onta ware village” was also evaluated, and in 2008 (Heisei 20th year), it was selected as an Important Cultural Landscape. The landscape of kilns scattered in a quiet valley in the mountains, the sound of the water wheel making “clink-clank” noises, and smoke rising from the climbing kiln are preserved as the original landscape of Japan’s traditional ceramic producing areas.
Characteristics of Onta Ware|Unique Beauty Created by Traditional Techniques
Clay Processing with the Karauto (Mortar) and Water Wheel
The manufacturing process of Onta ware begins with clay preparation. In the Onta ware village, the traditional method of crushing clay using a karauto (mortar) powered by a water wheel continues to be employed.
The water wheel, turned by the flow of the Otarugawa River, moves the karauto with a distinctive rhythm of “clink-clank”. This sound has become an iconic soundscape of the Onta ware village and leaves a deep impression on visitors. The clay crushed by the karauto is further refined through a process called water separation (suihi) to remove impurities, resulting in ceramic clay with appropriate plasticity and smoothness.
Forming with the Treadle Wheel (Kerokouro)
The shaping of Onta ware uses a traditional pottery wheel called the treadle wheel (kerokouro). The treadle wheel is a primitive wheel that the potter turns by foot, and unlike an electric wheel, the artisan’s senses and skills are directly reflected in the work.
Using the treadle wheel creates a distinctive sense of rhythm and strength in the pieces. While freely controlling the rotation speed, the potter shapes the vessel using only the sense of touch. Mastering this technique requires years of practice and is a core part of transmitting Onta ware’s techniques.
Traditional Decorative Techniques
Onta ware is characterized by a variety of traditional decorative techniques.
Flying plane (tobikaanna) is a technique where a plane is applied to the rotating vessel on the wheel, creating continuous carving marks. The rhythmic patterns are powerful and represent a signature decoration of Onta ware.
Brush marks (hakeme) is a technique where slip is applied with a brush to create flowing patterns. The soft curves created by white slip give the vessel a gentle expression.
Comb marks (kushime) is a technique where a comb-shaped tool is used to draw continuous lines on the clay surface. The collection of fine lines creates a unique texture.
Throwing (uchiakke) is a technique where slip is thrown vigorously onto the vessel, and the variation in patterns created by chance is its appeal.
Pouring (nagashikake) is a technique where glaze is poured onto the vessel, and the natural flow of glaze creates beautiful patterns.
These techniques are sometimes used individually or in combination, expressing the individuality of each kiln and the sensibility of the potter.
Glaze and Firing
In Onta ware, glazes such as transparent glaze, white glaze, black glaze, and green glaze are mainly used. These glazes are also compounded primarily from raw materials locally available, and chemical pigments are not used.
A climbing kiln is used for firing. The climbing kiln is a connected chamber kiln constructed utilizing a slope, and is fired at temperatures exceeding 1200 degrees Celsius using firewood as fuel. The kiln firing is conducted over several days, with temperature management entrusted to the potter’s long years of experience and intuition.
The natural glaze (bidoro) created when kiln ash lands on the piece, and the kiln marks from the way the flames strike, become the charm of Onta ware, where no two pieces are identical.
Onta Ware’s Producing Area|The Sarayama District of Hita City, Oita Prefecture
Geography and Environment of the Sarayama District
The Sarayama district, the producing area of Onta ware, is located in mountainous terrain approximately 10 kilometers northeast of Hita City’s downtown area. Ten kilns are scattered throughout a quiet valley at an elevation of approximately 300 meters.
The Otarugawa River flowing through the district is an indispensable resource for Onta ware, serving as both a power source for the water wheel and a water supply essential for pottery making. The surrounding abundant forest serves as a firewood supply source for kiln firing, and sustainable resource utilization has continued for generations.
Characteristics of Kilns
There are currently 10 kilns in the Onta ware village. Each kiln continues family management through successive generations, preserving traditional techniques while producing individualistic works.
Kilns are typically composed of a workshop, residence, climbing kiln, and water wheel house. Many kilns accept visitors (prior confirmation required), allowing viewing of actual pottery creation scenes. One can experience the tradition of Onta ware with all five senses—the sound of the water wheel crushing clay, the sound of the treadle wheel, the smoke rising from the kiln, and more.
Cooperative Work and Technical Transmission
One characteristic of Onta ware is the cooperative relationship among kilns. Some work, such as ceramic clay mining and refining, and firewood procurement, is carried out with cooperation among kilns. Additionally, the cultivation of young potters is undertaken collectively, with technical transmission being greatly valued.
While there is a tradition that “the eldest son inherits the family business,” in recent years apprenticeships from outside kiln families and the activities of female potters have become more visible, bringing new influences while preserving tradition.
Works and Uses of Onta Ware
Everyday Tableware
The essence of Onta ware lies in “the beauty of utility”. Rather than fine art ceramics for appreciation, it is created as vessels for actual use in daily life.
Representative works include rice bowls, tea cups, plates, bowls, sake decanters, pouring bowls, jars, and vessels. These are created with the premise of being used in daily meals, with emphasis on usability and durability. The form fits comfortably in the hand, the mouth feel is pleasant, and appropriate weight is pursued throughout—practical utility is thoroughly examined.
Enjoying Changes Over Time
Onta ware vessels increase in flavor with use. Fine scratches from use and color changes from tea stains become evidence of the time the vessel has experienced.
Particularly with pieces that have near-bisque quality, water absorption is higher when first used, so a treatment called “seasoning” (mezashime) is recommended, in which pieces are soaked in water or simmered in rice washing liquid before use. Including such maintenance, enjoying dialogue with the vessel is part of the charm of Onta ware.
Harmony with Contemporary Living
Though created with traditional techniques, Onta ware’s simple and modern design naturally blends into contemporary living. It complements not only Japanese cuisine but also Western and Chinese dishes, and can be incorporated into modern table coordination.
In recent years, particularly among young potters, works that incorporate contemporary sensibility while utilizing traditional techniques have been created. Variation in form and size has also expanded, accommodating more diverse lifestyles.
Visiting Onta Ware|Attractions of Producing Area Tourism
Access Methods
Access to the Onta ware village is primarily convenient by automobile.
By Car:
- Approximately 20 minutes from “Hita IC” on the Oita Expressway
- Approximately 1.5 hours from Fukuoka City
- Approximately 1.5 hours from Oita City
By Public Transportation:
- Approximately 20 minutes by taxi from JR Hita Station
- Route buses are available from Hita Station, though service is limited and prior confirmation is recommended
The Sarayama district is a small rural community in the mountains with narrow roads in places. Driving caution is necessary. Additionally, parking is limited, so it is recommended to confirm in advance when visiting kilns.
Viewing Highlights
When visiting the Onta ware village, grasping the following points allows for deeper enjoyment.
Water Wheel Soundscape:Upon entering the Sarayama district, the sound “clink-clank” of the water wheel can be heard. This sound is emblematic of Onta ware and evokes the unchanged landscape of 300 years.
Kiln Viewing:Many kilns accept visits with prior notice. It is a valuable opportunity not only to observe actual pottery creation but also to hear directly from potters. However, since work circumstances vary, always contact in advance before visiting.
Climbing Kiln:If one visits during kiln-firing season, it is possible to see the kiln being fired with wood. Since kiln firing is irregular and determined by weather and inventory conditions, it is good to confirm information in advance.
Gallery and Sales Space:Each kiln has a space for displaying and selling works. One can select works while holding them directly, examining weight and texture. Prices vary by work, but everyday vessels can be purchased from several thousand yen.
Etiquette for Visiting
The Onta ware village is, before being a tourist destination, the living and working space of potters. When visiting, observe the following etiquette.
- Always make advance contact before visiting kilns
- Avoid trespassing on private property
- Be considerate so as not to disturb working potters
- Obtain permission before photographing
- Maintain a quiet environment (refrain from loud conversation)
- Always take trash with you when leaving
Nearby Tourist Attractions
When visiting the Onta ware village, combining it with other tourist spots in Hita City is also recommended.
Hita Mameta Town:A district with Important Traditional Building Groups preservation designation, with remaining Edo-period streetscapes. One can stroll past old merchant houses and storehouses.
Amagase Hot Spring:A historic hot spring in Hita City. Relaxing in the hot spring after viewing Onta ware is a good idea.
Ci’en Waterfall:A two-stage waterfall at the border between Hita City and Kusu Town. It is also known as the “reverse-view waterfall” where one can view it from behind.
How to Purchase Onta Ware
Purchase at the Production Site
The most reliable way to purchase Onta ware is to visit the kilns in person. Each kiln displays and sells works, allowing direct selection.
The advantage of purchasing on-site is being able to see works directly, hold them, and confirm weight, feel, and size. One can also hear explanations directly from potters and receive advice on usage.
Price ranges vary by work, but small items such as small plates and tea cups are approximately 2,000–5,000 yen; medium bowls and large plates are approximately 5,000–15,000 yen; and large vessels such as jars are over tens of thousands of yen.
Purchase at Department Stores and Specialty Shops
Onta ware is handled at major department stores and folk art specialty shops in major cities throughout Japan. Particularly at shops with connections to the Mingei movement and at Kyushu regional product exhibitions.
In large cities such as Tokyo, Osaka, and Fukuoka, exhibition and sales events for Onta ware are regularly held. Information about these events is often announced on kiln websites and SNS, so check them out.
Purchase Online
In recent years, some kilns have opened online shops, making purchase possible from remote locations. One can also find Onta ware at online stores dealing in folk art items.
However, since pottery is handmade individually, photos and actual items may give different impressions. Additionally, it is important to understand that ceramic works possess individual differences (color variations, pattern variations, slight size differences, etc.) before purchasing.
Care and Use of Onta Ware
Preparation Before First Use (Seasoning)
It is recommended to conduct a treatment called “seasoning” (mezashime) before beginning to use Onta ware. This treatment seals fine pores in the ceramic, making it less susceptible to dirt and stains.
Seasoning Method:
- Wash the vessel well in water to remove dirt
- Fill a pot with water (or rice washing liquid) in which the vessel can be submerged
- Place the vessel in the water, bring to a boil, then simmer on low heat for 20–30 minutes
- Remove from heat and allow to cool naturally
- Wash well in water and allow to dry completely
This treatment helps the vessel last longer and maintain its beautiful condition.
Daily Usage
Onta ware is meant for everyday use, but attention to the following points allows for longer enjoyment.
Before Use:
- Soaking the vessel in water before use makes food colors and scents less likely to transfer
- This is particularly effective for dishes with high oil content or strong colors
During Use:
- Check with the kiln regarding microwave use (this varies by piece)
- Avoid direct flame use
- Avoid sudden temperature changes (such as pouring cold water on a hot vessel)
After Use:
- Wash as soon as possible after use
- Wash gently with a soft sponge and neutral detergent
- Avoid abrasive cleansers or scrubbing pads
- Dry thoroughly before storing
- While dishwasher use may be possible depending on the piece, hand washing is recommended
Storage Method
When storing Onta ware, observe the following points.
- Store only after completely drying (moisture causes mold)
- When stacking, place cloth or paper towels between pieces to prevent scratching
- Avoid direct sunlight
- Avoid humid locations; store in well-ventilated areas
Troubleshooting
If Stains Appear:
- Soaking in diluted bleach overnight before washing may lighten stains
- If stains do not come off, accepting them as character of the vessel is also an option
If a Crack Appears:
- Small cracks (crazing) are a ceramic characteristic and often pose no usage problem
- Discontinue use if the crack allows water to seep through
- Restoration using kintsugi (repairing with lacquer and gold leaf decoration) is possible
Comparison of Onta Ware with Other Ceramic Producing Areas
Other Kilns in Oita Prefecture
Besides Onta ware, Oita Prefecture has several other ceramic producing areas.
Hita Sarayama Ware:Another ceramic from Hita City, with a longer history than Onta ware, beginning in the early Edo period. Though production has decreased, kilns preserving tradition remain.
Usuki Ware:Ceramics fired in Usuki City, known as tea ceremony ceramics.
In comparison, Onta ware is characterized by its deep connection to the Mingei movement and thorough preservation of traditional techniques.
Representative Ceramic Producing Areas of Kyushu
Kyushu has many renowned ceramic producing areas.
Arita Ware (Saga Prefecture):Japan’s representative porcelain producing area. Characterized by white, beautiful porcelain with delicate decoration.
Karatsu Ware (Saga Prefecture):A renowned tea ceremony ceramic kilns, ranked “First pleasure, second Hagi, third Karatsu”. Characterized by diverse techniques and glazes.
Hasami Ware (Nagasaki Prefecture):Popular as everyday porcelain. Appeal lies in modern design and affordable pricing.
Koishiwara Ware (Fukuoka Prefecture):The ceramic that became Onta ware’s origin. Shares techniques such as the flying plane.
Satsuma Ware (Kagoshima Prefecture):Includes white Satsuma and black Satsuma, with white Satsuma particularly known for intricate decoration.
In comparison, Onta ware possesses the following unique characteristics:
- Thorough Preservation of Traditional Techniques:Continuing to follow manufacturing methods from 300 years ago without any machinery
- The Spirit of Mingei:Pursuing beauty as everyday vessels rather than fine art
- Preservation of Producing Area Landscape:The entire village is protected as an Important Cultural Landscape
- Sustainable Production:Environmentally friendly production using local resources
Onta Ware Today and Tomorrow
Contemporary Challenges
While Onta ware preserves tradition, it also faces several challenges.
Successor Issues:Like many traditional crafts, securing successors is an important challenge. While generational transitions are currently progressing relatively smoothly, creating an environment where younger generations can continue to inherit tradition is necessary.
Balance Between Production and Demand:Since all work is handmade, production has limits. Meanwhile, demand shows an upward trend due to mingei booms and increased interest in traditional crafts. Balancing this is a challenge.
Tradition and Innovation:Balancing preservation of tradition with meeting contemporary needs is also important. The question remains of how to maintain traditional techniques while creating works suited to contemporary living.
New Initiatives
Kilns at Onta ware undertake new endeavors while preserving tradition.
Activities of Young Potters:Young potters create works based on traditional techniques while incorporating contemporary sensibility. They increase variation in form and size, proposing vessels suited to modern dining.
Strengthened Information Dissemination:An increasing number of kilns actively promote the appeal of Onta ware through SNS and websites. Efforts continue through new methods such as video documentation of creation processes and online work introductions.
Experience Programs:Some kilns offer pottery experience and kiln viewing tours. By experiencing Onta ware creation firsthand, people can grasp the technical skill level and weight of tradition.
International Recognition:With international reassessment of the Mingei movement, Onta ware also receives attention from abroad. It shows international expansion through participation in overseas exhibitions and increased foreign collectors.
Toward a Sustainable Future
In considering the future of Onta ware, “sustainability” is crucial.
Harmony with Environment:Onta ware has continued production in harmony with nature, using local clay, water, and firewood. This sustainable production method is now reevaluated highly in contemporary times. It is important to continue environmentally considerate production such as proper forest resource management and water conservation.
Community Maintenance:The Onta ware village is not merely a production site but a community where potters cooperate while living together. Maintaining this community and passing it to the next generation is linked to preserving Onta ware’s tradition.
Inheritance of Cultural Value:Onta ware is not merely a “product” but a comprehensive “culture” encompassing 300 years of history, technique, and spirituality. Properly understanding this cultural value and transmitting it to future generations is essential.
Conclusion|Incorporating the Charm of Onta Ware into Your Life
Onta ware is a traditional ceramic that has been passed down for 300 years in the mountains of Sarayama district in Hita City, Oita Prefecture. Vessels created without machinery, using only water wheels and handwork, possess a simple yet powerful beauty.
Embodying the “beauty of utility” recognized by the Mingei movement, Onta ware complements the daily lives of those who use it as everyday tableware. The patterns created by traditional decorative techniques such as the flying plane and brush marks are unique, with appeal increasing through use.
Visiting the Onta ware village, one encounters the unchanged landscape of 300 years in a quiet valley echoing with water wheel sounds. The vessels created by potters’ hands are imbued with the weight of long history and tradition.
While preserving tradition, Onta ware continues to create vessels suited to contemporary living. Why not incorporate the charm of Onta ware into your own life? The weight and history of tradition will surely be conveyed from the vessel you hold.
If you have an opportunity to visit Oita Prefecture, by all means visit the Onta ware village. Take a vessel in hand and feel its weight and texture. Your encounter with Onta ware will surely bring new richness to your life.
